东门在全城最高处。b934f89942 d38e722e92
门下面埋着人头。759ccabf39 0ef6d21fce
24 · 24 · □ · □ · □ · □
这一屏是摆出来的：路是虚的，红方块怎么排是摆的 ⌄
摆出来的 ⌄
按住那个圆点，往里走。
回到门外
路 · 推测
北
10 m
六处，一处一个数。K1、K2 各 24 颗。另外四处在北端城墙的墙基下，每处 1 到 16 颗不等，没有分开写，所以这里是四个 □，也不写合计。c9b4bbe144 76b62a5b4f
这一屏是摆出来的：平面照 2013 年发掘简报的图三描，只描了墙和墩台里的夯土，石块没有逐块描，图上的房址 F7、发掘区的边线没有描；大小照图上的比例尺；指北照图上的箭头，图上没有写它是磁北还是真北；文章里的东、西、南、北，是把门朝外的一面当作东来说的，图上的箭头是斜的，字照文章，形照图；墙填的不是石头的颜色，是这个站写字用的颜色，夯土那一块的深浅是摆的；没走到的墙画得暗，是摆的；那条虚线是照综述写的「进入城门的小通道」画的，从哪一头的缺口进、在门里怎么走，是摆的；「你」走多快是摆的；K1、K2 的位置是照文字摆在图上的，平面图上没有标它们；一个红方块是一颗头骨，数照文字，排成几行是摆的，头骨原来怎么放，这里没有画；北边墙基下的四处只知道在那道城墙下面，沿墙排成一排是摆的；走到头骨坑停的那一秒，是我们加的；风是合成的，强弱取自神木此刻的风速。
你
你 · 按住
外瓮城
北墩台
南墩台
门道
内瓮城
城墙
外瓮城
K1
K2
门道
内瓮城
你：按住往里走
看签 ⌄
收起 ⌃
K1 · 24
K2 · 24
外瓮城 · 近 U 形 · 把门道完全遮住f811b5ab54
外瓮城 · 在南、北墩台的东侧 · 平面近 U 形80e9841e1b f811b5ab54
把门道完全遮住；和两座墩台不相连，两头留着缺口，是进门的小通道f811b5ab54
形据 2013 年发掘简报图三《外城东门址平面图》 · 大小照图上的比例尺 · 只描了墙，石块没有逐块描143ef158a7
K1 · 外瓮城东墙外 · 人头骨 24 颗c9b4bbe144 a3fc4676d7
K1 · 外瓮城东墙外侧偏北 · 平面略呈南北向椭圆形a3fc4676d7
人头骨 24 颗，保存较好，未被扰动；排列整齐，上面有夯砸的裂痕，个别枕骨和下颌有灼烧的迹象a3fc4676d7 8afd52f8cc
位置照文字摆在图上，平面图上没有标它 · 一个红方块是一颗，怎么排是摆的 · 不出照片
K2 · 门道入口 · 人头骨 24 颗c9b4bbe144 f44cb16842
K2 · 门道入口处，靠近北墩台f44cb16842 110d02b556
人头骨 24 颗，保存较好；平面一处写近长方形，一处写略呈椭圆形110d02b556 f44cb16842
位置照文字摆在图上，平面图上没有标它 · 一个红方块是一颗，怎么排是摆的 · 不出照片
门道 · 南、北墩台之间 · 宽约 9 米96cfdd7760 dc598d184b
主门道 · 在南、北两座墩台中间 · 宽约 9 米96cfdd7760 dc598d184b
两座墩台对称建在门道南北两侧，都是长方形，石头包着夯土；门道里有上、下两层地面506f223fdb 627702f85e f0e07c39ce
形据同一张平面图 · 墩台里的夯土画成暗的一块，深浅是摆的 · 门道两侧的小室照图描了，没有标名143ef158a7
内瓮城 · 曲尺形 · 向西 18 米，折向北近 32 米846a615e38
内瓮城 · 南墩台西北接着砌的石墙 · 向西 18 米，再折向北近 32 米846a615e38
三面墙的内侧出过成层、成片的壁画残块，白灰面为底，几何形图案a4316759a2 f06ee03c1f
形据同一张平面图 · 壁画没有画143ef158a7
东门在外城的东北部，门道朝东北。cd5050932c 891d2cf9a5
它在整个遗址的最高处，地势开阔。b934f89942
一篇研究东门的文章按出土器物分析：东门始建于公元前 2300 年，废弃于公元前 1800 年左右。bcbbeb1552
门址周围的地层和遗迹里，出过玉铲、玉钺、玉璜、牙璋、陶器、壁画和石雕头像。47460628fd
门由外瓮城、南北两座墩台和内瓮城组成，一条宽约 9 米的门道把它们连起来，总面积约 2500 平方米。627702f85e dc598d184b d8fd151f0f
外瓮城的平面近 U 形，把门道完全遮住；它和两座墩台并不相连，两头留着缺口，成了进门的小通道。f811b5ab54
两座墩台隔着门道一南一北，对称而建，都是长方形，石头包着夯土；两台之间就是主门道。506f223fdb 627702f85e 96cfdd7760
两座墩台之间隔多远，一篇研究东门的文章写的是约 10 米；前面那个「宽约 9 米」是综述给门道的数。37586deb44 dc598d184b
进了门道，南墩台的西北接着砌出一道石墙，向西 18 米，再折向北近 32 米，围成曲尺形的内瓮城。846a615e38
门道里揭出上、下两层地面。f0e07c39ce
一篇综述记了两位学者的看法：这里的两重瓮城，和附在城墙上的马面，是中国目前发现的年代最早的瓮城和马面。eee59fbf09
也有学者认为，这种两台、两墙、两门塾的结构，在世界城建史里属于布局最复杂、控制性最强的设计。50a0759436
叫法也有不同意见：有学者认为它和文献里记的瓮城不同，应该叫「障墙」。ce5f1ea0fd
综述说，这座门最引人注目的是两件事：「头骨坑」和「藏玉于墙」。fe152714f9
东门一带一共发现六处集中埋人头骨的地方：外瓮城外的 K1 和门道处的 K2 各 24 颗，另外四处在北端城墙的墙基下，每处 1 到 16 颗不等。c9b4bbe144 76b62a5b4f
K1 在外瓮城东墙外侧偏北，平面略呈南北向的椭圆形，24 颗头骨保存较好，没有被扰动过。a3fc4676d7
K2 在门道入口，靠近北墩台；它的平面，一处写近长方形，一处写略呈椭圆形。f44cb16842 110d02b556
头骨的摆放似乎有一定的规律，但看不出明显挖坑放置的迹象。64b509e3df
2016 年的书写 K1：头骨排列整齐，上面有夯砸出的裂痕，个别枕骨和下颌有灼烧的迹象。8afd52f8cc
2013 年的发掘简报把 K1、K2 两处合在一起说：部分头骨有明显的砍斫痕迹，个别枕骨和下颌有灼烧的迹象。a88f481dc2 918551ccd9
东门一带集中埋着的头骨，都在早期地面下面，或者墙基下面。759ccabf39 0ef6d21fce
发掘简报和 2016 年的书都推断：这和修城时举行的奠基或祭祀有关。759ccabf39 918551ccd9
2013 年的发掘简报说，K1、K2 这两处的头骨经初步鉴定以年轻女性居多。e116571163 918551ccd9
2016 年的头骨研究看的是东门外、门道处、马面北和庙前四个地点的头骨，合计 104 例：男 34，女 55，性别不明 15。985d509219 822ffa63cb ff6c995e97 50b43a333c
这项研究说，祭祀坑里女性明显多于男性，没有未成年人。bf04326e4d
104 这个数和上面的「六处」不是同一种数法，加不到一起。
2025 年的古 DNA 研究说法不同：东门的祭祀坑看不出偏向女性，10 个人里 9 个是男性。a4805ebd99
这一处改口记在改口簿。
内瓮城东、西、南三面墙的内侧，靠近后来增修的石墙墙根的地面上，发现了成层、成片的壁画残块。a4316759a2
那道增修的石墙，修在晚期（夏代早期）的地面上。909330ff67
残块的数目，2013 年的简报写 100 余块，2016 年的书写 300 余块。30a08513dd d56e3ddde2
壁画以白灰面为底，画的是几何形图案；用的颜色，2013 年写红、黄、黑、橙等，2016 年写红、黄、黑、绿四种。81da8cca0f f06ee03c1f
壁画有三层：颜料层、白灰层和草拌泥层；颜料有铁红、铁黄、绿土和炭黑。画的时候先用阴刻线起稿，再上颜色。319e0deff0
2016 年的书说，这里有最早的阴刻起稿线，和铁黄、绿土两种颜料最早的应用实例；综述把范围写成「目前国内」。aae553cd1d 7e8f625efe
一篇文章推测：白灰面不防水，壁画当初应有某种建筑设施遮护。d143835787 baded17a49
综述转述了一项研究：研究者经过初步测量，认为门道的方向是东偏北约 31°，它的设计建造可能和四千多年前夏至日出的方位有关。28d9f516e3
那项研究的原文，我们还没有读到。
这是一句『没有』：那篇文章不在我们读过的东西里。它量的是哪一段、怎么量的，这里写不出来。
平面图上画了指北，没有写是磁北还是真北。
这是一句『没有』：图上只有一个箭头和一个『北』字，没有别的说明，取不了票。
这个站的「此刻」，就是照这 31° 从门道往外看的天。
这一章用到的文献。
349 页 · 本章 26 句用了它
二〇二〇年第一期（总第211期）
24 页 · 本章 20 句用了它
考古与文物 2016年第4期
14 页 · 本章 4 句用了它
11 页 · 本章 12 句用了它
考古与文物 2016年第4期
9 页 · 本章 2 句用了它
Nature | Vol 648 | 18/25 December 2025
23 页 · 本章 1 句用了它
这一章还不知道的事。
是男是女，两项研究说法不同。bf04326e4d a4805ebd99
记于 2026-11-15
六处里两处各 24 颗，四处每处 1 到 16 颗；另一种数法是 104 例。c9b4bbe144 76b62a5b4f ff6c995e97
记于 2026-11-15
发掘简报和 2016 年的书都推断与奠基或祭祀有关。759ccabf39 918551ccd9
记于 2026-11-15
综述转述一项研究：东偏北约 31°。原文我们还没有读到。28d9f516e3
记于 2026-11-15
残块上是几何形图案。f06ee03c1f
记于 2026-11-15
The East Gate stands at the highest point of the city.b934f89942 d38e722e92
Beneath it, human heads were buried.759ccabf39 0ef6d21fce
24 · 24 · □ · □ · □ · □
Staged: the path is conjecture, and the rows of red squares are ours ⌄
Staged ⌄
Press and hold the dot to walk in.
Back outside
way in · conjecture
N
10 m
Six deposits, one number for each. K1 and K2 hold 24 skulls apiece. The other four lie under the footing of the city wall at the northern end, with from 1 to 16 apiece and no separate figures given; hence four □ here, and no total.c9b4bbe144 76b62a5b4f
Staged: the plan is traced from fig. 3 of the 2013 excavation report: walls and the rammed earth inside the piers only, not the stones one by one, and not house F7 or the edge of the trench; its size follows the scale bar on the figure; north follows the arrow on the figure, which does not say whether it is magnetic or true; the texts speak of east, west, north and south as if the gate's outer side faced due east, while the arrow on the figure is oblique, so our words follow the texts and our shapes the figure; the walls are filled not with the colour of stone but with the colour this site writes in, and the shade of the rammed earth is our choice; walls not yet reached are drawn dim, which is our staging; the dashed line follows the review's account of small ways into the gate, and which gap it takes and how it runs inside are ours; so is the pace at which “you” walk; K1 and K2 are placed from the written descriptions, since the plan does not mark them; each red square is one skull, the count follows the texts, the rows are ours, and how the skulls actually lay is not drawn; the four deposits to the north are known only to lie beneath that city wall, and setting them in a row along it is ours; the one-second halt at each deposit is ours; the wind is synthesized, its strength taken from the wind at Shenmu right now.
you
you · press and hold
outer barbican
north pier
south pier
passage
inner barbican
city wall
outer barbican
K1
K2
passage
inner barbican
You: press and hold to walk in
label ⌄
close ⌃
K1 · 24
K2 · 24
outer barbican · close to a U · screens the passage completelyf811b5ab54
Outer barbican · east of the north and south piers · close to a U in plan80e9841e1b f811b5ab54
Screens the passage completely; not joined to the two piers, with gaps left at both ends as small ways into the gatef811b5ab54
Shape after the plan of the East Gate in the 2013 excavation report · size from the scale bar on the figure · walls only, not the stones one by one143ef158a7
K1 · outside the outer barbican's east wall · 24 human skullsc9b4bbe144 a3fc4676d7
K1 · outside the east wall of the outer barbican, toward the north · roughly oval in plan, running north–southa3fc4676d7
24 human skulls, well preserved and undisturbed; in neat order, with cracks from pounding and, on a few, burning at the back of the head and on the jawa3fc4676d7 8afd52f8cc
Placed on the plan from the written description; the plan does not mark it · one red square for each skull, the rows our own · no photograph shown
K2 · at the mouth of the passage · 24 human skullsc9b4bbe144 f44cb16842
K2 · at the mouth of the passage, close to the north pierf44cb16842 110d02b556
24 human skulls, well preserved; its plan given in one place as nearly rectangular, in another as roughly oval110d02b556 f44cb16842
Placed on the plan from the written description; the plan does not mark it · one red square for each skull, the rows our own · no photograph shown
passage · between the north and south piers · about 9 m wide96cfdd7760 dc598d184b
Main passage · between the north and south piers · about 9 m wide96cfdd7760 dc598d184b
The two piers stand symmetrically north and south of the passage, both rectangular, rammed earth cased in stone; the passage has two floors, an upper and a lower506f223fdb 627702f85e f0e07c39ce
Shape after the same plan · the rammed earth inside the piers is drawn as a darker field, its shade our choice · the small chambers on either side are traced as on the plan and not labelled143ef158a7
inner barbican · L-shaped · 18 m west, then nearly 32 m north846a615e38
Inner barbican · a stone wall continuing from the north-west of the south pier · 18 m to the west, then nearly 32 m to the north846a615e38
Along the inner faces of three of its walls lay fragments of wall painting in layers and sheets: geometric patterns on white lime plastera4316759a2 f06ee03c1f
Shape after the same plan · the paintings are not drawn143ef158a7
The East Gate is in the north-east of the outer city, and its passage runs to the north-east.cd5050932c 891d2cf9a5
It stands at the highest point of the whole site, on open ground.b934f89942
An article on the gate, going by the objects found there, puts its building at 2300 BCE and its abandonment at about 1800 BCE.bcbbeb1552
From the layers and features around the gate came jade spades, jade axes, jade arcs (璜), notched jade blades (牙璋), pottery, wall paintings and carved stone heads.47460628fd
The gate is made of an outer barbican, two piers to north and south, and an inner barbican, joined by a passage about 9 m wide; in all about 2,500 square metres.627702f85e dc598d184b d8fd151f0f
The outer barbican is close to a U in plan and screens the passage completely; it does not join the two piers, and the gaps left at its two ends form small ways into the gate.f811b5ab54
The two piers stand symmetrically north and south of the passage, both rectangular, rammed earth cased in stone; between them runs the main passage.506f223fdb 627702f85e 96cfdd7760
For the distance between the two piers, an article on the gate gives about 10 m; the 9 m above is the review's figure for the width of the passage.37586deb44 dc598d184b
Past the passage a stone wall continues from the north-west of the south pier, 18 m to the west and then nearly 32 m to the north, forming an L-shaped inner barbican.846a615e38
Two floors, an upper and a lower, were uncovered in the passage.f0e07c39ce
A review article records the view of two scholars: that the double barbican here, and the bastions built against the city wall (马面), are the earliest of either yet found in China.eee59fbf09
Another scholar holds that this arrangement of paired piers, paired walls and paired guard chambers is among the most intricate and most tightly controlled layouts in the history of city building.50a0759436
The name is disputed too: one scholar holds that it differs from the barbican of the written records and should be called a screening wall (障墙).ce5f1ea0fd
The review names the two things about this gate that draw most notice: pits of skulls, and jade hidden in the walls.fe152714f9
Six places where human skulls were buried together have been found around the gate: K1 outside the outer barbican and K2 at the passage hold 24 each; four more lie under the footing of the city wall at the northern end, with from 1 to 16 skulls apiece.c9b4bbe144 76b62a5b4f
K1 lies outside the east wall of the outer barbican, toward its northern end; in plan it is roughly an oval running north–south, and its 24 skulls were well preserved and undisturbed.a3fc4676d7
K2 lies at the mouth of the passage, close to the north pier; its plan is given in one place as nearly rectangular and in another as roughly oval.f44cb16842 110d02b556
The skulls seem to have been set down with some order, yet there is no clear sign that a pit was dug for them.64b509e3df
Of K1 the 2016 book says: the skulls lay in neat order; they bear cracks from pounding, and a few show burning at the back of the head and on the jaw.8afd52f8cc
The 2013 excavation report speaks of K1 and K2 together: some of the skulls bear clear chop marks, and a few show burning at the back of the head and on the jaw.a88f481dc2 918551ccd9
All the skulls buried together around the gate lay under the early floor or under the footing of a wall.759ccabf39 0ef6d21fce
Both the excavation report and the 2016 book infer a link with foundation rites or sacrifice carried out while the city was being built.759ccabf39 918551ccd9
The 2013 excavation report says that a first examination found most of the skulls in K1 and K2 to be those of young women.e116571163 918551ccd9
The 2016 study of the skulls looked at those from four spots (outside the gate, at the passage, north of the bastion, and at 庙前), 104 in all: 34 male, 55 female, 15 undetermined.985d509219 822ffa63cb ff6c995e97 50b43a333c
That study finds women clearly outnumbering men in the sacrificial pits, and no one short of adulthood.bf04326e4d
The 104 and the six deposits above are counted on different bases; they cannot be added together.
The 2025 ancient-DNA study says otherwise: the East Gate pits show no bias toward women; nine of ten were men.a4805ebd99
This change is logged in Revisions.
On the inner faces of the east, west and south walls of the inner barbican, on the ground at the foot of a stone wall added later, lay fragments of wall painting in layers and sheets.a4316759a2
That added wall stands on the floor of the late phase, which the review places in the early Xia period.909330ff67
For the number of fragments, the 2013 report gives over 100 and the 2016 book over 300.30a08513dd d56e3ddde2
The paintings have a ground of white lime plaster and show geometric patterns; for their colours the 2013 report lists red, yellow, black, orange and others, the 2016 book four: red, yellow, black and green.81da8cca0f f06ee03c1f
A painting has three layers: pigment, lime plaster, and mud mixed with straw; the pigments include iron red, iron yellow, green earth and carbon black. The design was first incised as lines, then painted in.319e0deff0
The 2016 book says the earliest incised under-drawing is here, and the earliest use of iron yellow and green earth; the review narrows this to what has been found in China so far.aae553cd1d 7e8f625efe
One article reasons that lime plaster is not waterproof, and conjectures that the paintings were once sheltered by some built structure.d143835787 baded17a49
The review reports one study: after preliminary measurement its authors hold that the passage points about 31° north of east, and that its design may be tied to where the sun rose at the summer solstice more than four thousand years ago.28d9f516e3
We have not yet read that study itself.
This is a statement of absence: that article is not among what we have read. Which stretch it measured, and how, we cannot say here.
The plan carries a north arrow; it does not say whether that is magnetic or true north.
This is a statement of absence: the figure shows an arrow and the character for north and nothing more, so there is no ticket to take.
This site's Now looks out along the passage on that bearing.
The sources this chapter draws on.
□
349 pp. · used in 26 sentences here
二〇二〇年第一期（总第211期）
□
24 pp. · used in 20 sentences here
考古与文物 2016年第4期
our gloss: The East Gate of Shimao’s Outer City and Early City-Building Techniques
14 pp. · used in 4 sentences here
our gloss: The Shimao Site in Shenmu County, Shaanxi
11 pp. · used in 12 sentences here
考古与文物 2016年第4期
□
9 pp. · used in 2 sentences here
Nature | Vol 648 | 18/25 December 2025
□
23 pp. · used in 1 sentence here
What this chapter does not know.
Whether they were women or men, two studies disagree.bf04326e4d a4805ebd99
recorded 2026-11-15
Of six deposits two hold 24 each and four from 1 to 16; another way of counting gives 104.c9b4bbe144 76b62a5b4f ff6c995e97
recorded 2026-11-15
Both the excavation report and the 2016 book infer foundation rites or sacrifice.759ccabf39 918551ccd9
recorded 2026-11-15
The review reports one study: about 31° north of east. We have not yet read the study itself.28d9f516e3
recorded 2026-11-15
The fragments show geometric patterns.f06ee03c1f
recorded 2026-11-15