一座石台，两圈石墙。50e1281ebb 2dd4716c3d e37073f389 90847e2cc1
后来的人，以为它是长城的一段。8d89e6d193 3cf8691b56
皇城台 □ · 内城 5700 余米 · 外城 约 4200 米3c3e7b79ce c22f96ea20
── 图上画的 ┄┄ 图上标推测的 □ 图上空着的
这一屏是摆出来的：实线虚线是照图上的颜色换的，空着的地方写 □ ⌄
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皇城台一圈有多长，我们没有取到数。它是一座台，四面包着护坡石墙，没有高出地表的墙体；图上只画了它的几段。所以这里是 □。2dd4716c3d 89d3fdeafc
图上到这里没有画墙。空着不等于没有过墙，也不等于推测：为什么空着，图上没有写。简报里有一句：山崖绝壁的地方多不修石墙，利用天险。哪一处是这样，我们不知道。62ecce46b1
这一屏是摆出来的：平面照 2013 年发掘简报的图二描，只描了图例里的城墙线，等高线、河、房址、灰坑、窑址、墓葬、民居和地名都没有描；大小照图上的 1 千米比例尺；指北照图上的箭头，图上没有写它是磁北还是真北；原图用颜色分墙：内城、外城各两种颜色，图例里一种标的是实测，一种标的是推测，我们把前一种画成实线，后一种画成虚线；图例上的字我们还取不到票，哪一段算哪一种，是我们看着图上的颜色读的；皇城台的墙在图例里只有一种，没有分，这里画成实线，只画了图上有的几段，没有补成一圈；图上没画墙的地方，这里照样空着，空着不等于没有过墙，也不等于推测，为什么空着图上没有写；一百五十米以上的空白摆了一个 □，小的断口只空着，不到二十米的断笔当作连着；有三处墙线被图上房址、墓葬的记号盖住，我们照两头的走向直着接上了；线的颜色是这个站写字用的颜色，不是图上的颜色；线的粗细不是墙的宽度，照比例，墙比这条线细得多；没走到的线画得暗，是摆的；「你」从皇城台起、先走哪一圈、朝哪个方向、走多快、在空白前停一下、最后站进东门的方框，都是摆的；读数里的米数是书上写的，不是从这张图上量的；东门的位置照文字和 2016 年的书里那张平面示意图摆，那个小方框是「门」那一章整张图的大小，照这张图的比例尺缩的，方向没有对；马面和角台照比例只有一两个像素，没有画；风是合成的，强弱取自神木此刻的风速。
皇城台
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皇城台 · 四面包着护坡石墙的台 · 台顶 8 万余平方米2dd4716c3d 5d14621b25
皇城台 · 在内城中心偏西 · 大致呈方形，石墙的转角是圆的2dd4716c3d
四面包砌护坡石墙的台城，台顶 8 万余平方米；没有高出地表的墙体，西北侧还看得到多达九级的护坡石墙2dd4716c3d 5d14621b25 89d3fdeafc a63685a6c6
形据 2013 年发掘简报的《城址遗迹分布图》 · 图例里它的墙只有一种，没有分实测和推测 · 只画了图上有的几段，没有补成一圈daacf5a370
内城 · 以皇城台为中心 · 墙长 5700 余米e37073f389 3c3e7b79ce
内城 · 以皇城台为中心，沿山势砌筑石墙 · 城内约 210 余万平方米e37073f389 1cd180b585
墙长 5700 余米，宽约 2.5 米，一般高出现在的地表 1 米有余3c3e7b79ce 83d00bd681
形据同一张图 · 实线、虚线是照图例的两种颜色换的，哪一段算哪一种是我们看图读的 · 图上空着的地方照样空着daacf5a370
外城 · 依托内城东南的墙 · 墙长约 4200 米90847e2cc1 c22f96ea20
外城 · 依托内城东南部的墙体，再修一道不规则的弧形石墙 · 城内约 190 余万平方米90847e2cc1 441408bc03
墙长约 4200 米，宽 2.5 米左右，保存最好的地方高出现在的地表 1 米余c22f96ea20 d15575c256
形据同一张图 · 实线、虚线是照图例的两种颜色换的，哪一段算哪一种是我们看图读的 · 图上空着的地方照样空着daacf5a370
马面 · 凸出在城墙外侧的台 · 东门附近最集中5f66f7cfe4 75ba30632a
马面 · 凸出在城垣外侧、每隔一定距离修建的台状设施5f66f7cfe4
外城东门附近最集中，间距集中在 40 米左右；1 号马面长 12.2 米，宽 9 米，残高 3.3 米75ba30632a dd1a639c0d
这张图上没有画：照比例，一座马面只有一两个像素
东门 · 在外城东北部 · 遗址里最高的地方cd5050932c b934f89942
外城东门 · 在外城东北部，门道朝东北cd5050932c
在遗址区域内最高处，地势开阔b934f89942
位置照文字和 2016 年的书里的《遗址平面布局示意图》摆 · 小方框是「门」那一章整张图的大小，照这张图的比例尺缩的，方向没有对2588b7f984
石峁城址由皇城台、内城和外城三部分构成。50e1281ebb
皇城台在内城中心偏西，是一座四面包砌护坡石墙的台城，大致呈方形，石墙的转角是圆的。2dd4716c3d
内城以皇城台为中心，沿着山势砌筑石墙，围成一个封闭的空间。e37073f389 8b1f3c1ae5
外城依托内城东南部的墙体，再修一道不规则的弧形石墙，和内城的东南墙合起来，围出相对独立的外城。90847e2cc1
皇城台台顶 8 万余平方米；内城城内约 210 余万平方米，外城城内约 190 余万平方米。5d14621b25 1cd180b585 441408bc03
合起来，2016 年的书写城内面积在 400 万平方米以上，综述写逾 400 万平方米。1dde846c09 51f07f8949
皇城台在内城里面，它的 8 万余平方米不另加。
2016 年的书写：内城的墙长 5700 余米，外城的墙长约 4200 米，内、外城城墙总长度约 10 千米。3c3e7b79ce c22f96ea20 d56c82a86a
墙宽约 2.5 米；现在地表上看得到的，残高 1 米左右。4fd33163e7 83d00bd681 d15575c256
这是墙现在剩下的高度。原来有多高，记在阙里。
保存好的几段高一些：内城西南的一段现存约 193 米，宽约 2.65 米，最好的地方高出地表约 3 米；内城东北的一段现存 205.5 米。db08262dcc 72fa0487ef
也有断掉的：内城北墙有一处，墙体的东南侧和西北侧被冲毁了。4402bdb52a
砌法不止一种：堑山砌石，基槽垒砌，还有利用天险。bc764e1ceb
山崖绝壁的地方，多半不修石墙，就用天险。62ecce46b1
在比较平缓的坡地，先往下挖基槽，再垒砌石墙。51b2d23c1b
石墙都用加工过的砂岩石块砌成，打磨平整的石块多用在墙体的两侧；石块交错平铺，中间用草拌泥加固。d8fb91f35b d79da2719a
一篇研究东门的文章写：墙下有基础，墙体垂直，墙面平整，没有收分；内、外城墙的材料和建筑技术没有区别。d07b847b54 68f5010fa6
马面是凸出在城垣外侧、每隔一定距离修建的一种台状附属设施。5f66f7cfe4
综述说，在城墙的拐折处和邻近城门处，修有角台和马面。468b882dfc
数目有两个：2016 年的书写至少十余处，集中在外城东门附近；2020 年的综述写至少 21 处。5d6ffbc33c 9b8bad4c4f
综述说，这些马面和城墙墙体同时规划、同时起建，附着在墙体上，向城外凸出，间距集中在 40 米左右；2016 年的书写的间距是 30～40 米。75ba30632a 21d217ed3c
外城的 1 号马面在两段城墙之间，长 12.2 米，宽 9 米，残高 3.3 米。cdcc5d3330 dd1a639c0d
内城东北部的城墙上也有一处，凸出墙外约 1 米，长约 10 米。88e01f13cd
1 号角台在东门的东南方，平面是南窄北宽的梯形，夯土做芯；北边长约 16.2 米，其余各边约 13.4 米，残高约 4 米。af7a055d26 1812b17b72 3940280333
综述记了两位学者的看法：附在城墙上的这些马面，是中国目前发现的年代最早的马面。eee59fbf09
东门的两座墩台、马面、外城东门的墙、北边的城墙，还有皇城台的北墙和东墙上，都发现了孔洞；有些孔洞里还看得到朽木。b075573322
皇城台的墙面上，孔洞排列有序，里面有朽木的残迹。daad83c898
书里记了两根木头的长：2.5 米和 2.25 米。bbeecf1866 cf3e7b256b
发掘者初步认为，它们是加固墙体的措施。c1e881bae9
综述转述一位学者的看法：它的功能可能和《营造法式》里的「紝木」相当，主要是稳固墙体。b5ac4604cd
另一位学者不同意这个叫法：认为它和文献里记的不一样，应该叫「锚杆」。4d174e3d7f 197ae445cb
一篇回忆遗址发现经过的文章写：遗址南部有一道石片堆砌的城墙，从东往西一直抵到高家堡的东山头，压在一些龙山遗迹上面。47a38a822d
作者接着写：「我当时误以为是秦长城的一部分」。3cf8691b56
综述也记了这件事：20 世纪的一些调查，一度误判了遗址里断断续续的石墙的年代，把遗址周边的石砌城墙认定为战国秦长城。8d89e6d193
这一处改口记在改口簿。
2016 年的书写：这座城距今 4300 年前初建，大致废弃于公元前 1800 年前后。7fb0c36f7e bec3ccf9bd
一篇讨论年代的文章推断：外城城墙的修建可能在公元前 2100 年左右，内城城垣的修筑可能还要早。80ddc5d1cb fc6b83b9ce
研究东门的那篇文章给的年代不同：按出土器物分析，东门始建于公元前 2300 年。bcbbeb1552
东门在外城的墙上。两篇文章差着两百年，这里两个都记。
综述说，调查时测绘了遗址残存城墙的走向，采集了正射影像，建立了数字地面模型。8c1da16709
简报说，面积是用 Arcgis 系统测量和推算出来的。9d4131a63e
图上哪一段为什么标成推测，我们没有找到一句说明。
这是一句『没有』：简报和综述里有测绘、推算面积的话，没有逐段说明哪一段是量的、哪一段是推的。
这一章用到的文献。
349 页 · 本章 29 句用了它
11 页 · 本章 22 句用了它
二〇二〇年第一期（总第211期）
24 页 · 本章 14 句用了它
考古与文物 2016年第4期
14 页 · 本章 4 句用了它
6 页 · 本章 3 句用了它
考古与文物 2016年第4期
7 页 · 本章 1 句用了它
这一章还不知道的事。
内、外城的墙总长约 10 千米，宽约 2.5 米。d56c82a86a 4fd33163e7
记于 2026-11-15
一篇讨论年代的文章推断：外城的墙可能修于公元前 2100 年左右，内城的可能更早。80ddc5d1cb fc6b83b9ce
记于 2026-11-15
简报说，山崖绝壁的地方多不修石墙，利用天险；它的图上也有没画墙的地方。62ecce46b1 daacf5a370
记于 2026-11-15
现在地表上看得到的残高 1 米左右；保存最好的一段高出地表约 3 米。4fd33163e7 db08262dcc
记于 2026-11-15
它是四面包砌护坡石墙的台城，台顶 8 万余平方米。2dd4716c3d 5d14621b25
记于 2026-11-15
A stone-faced terrace and two rings of stone wall.50e1281ebb 2dd4716c3d e37073f389 90847e2cc1
Those who came later took it for a stretch of the Great Wall.8d89e6d193 3cf8691b56
terrace □ · inner over 5,700 m · outer about 4,200 m3c3e7b79ce c22f96ea20
── as drawn ┄┄ marked inferred □ left blank
Staged: solid and dashed stand for the figure's colours, and its blanks are □ ⌄
Staged ⌄
Press and hold the dot to walk the wall.
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We have no figure for how far the walls of Huangchengtai run. It is a terrace faced on all four sides with stone revetments, with no wall standing above ground, and the figure draws only a few stretches of it; hence □.2dd4716c3d 89d3fdeafc
Here the figure draws no wall. A blank means neither that no wall ever stood there nor that one is inferred: the figure does not say why. The report notes that at cliffs and precipices a wall was mostly not built and the natural barrier was used. Which blanks are of that kind we do not know.62ecce46b1
Staged: the plan is traced from fig. 2 of the 2013 excavation report: only the wall lines named in its legend, not the contours, the river, the houses, pits, kilns, burials, dwellings or place names; its size follows the 1 km scale bar on the figure; north follows the arrow on the figure, which does not say whether it is magnetic or true; the figure tells its walls apart by colour: two colours each for the inner and the outer city, one marked in the legend as surveyed and one as inferred, and we draw the first as a solid line and the second as a dashed one; we cannot yet take a ticket for the words of the legend, so which stretch counts as which is our reading of the colours; for Huangchengtai the legend has a single kind of wall, undivided, drawn here solid, and only the stretches the figure shows, not completed into a ring; where the figure draws no wall we leave a blank, which means neither that no wall ever stood there nor that one is inferred, since the figure does not say why; blanks of 150 m or more carry a □, smaller breaks are simply left open, and breaks under 20 m are treated as continuous; at three places the figure's symbols for houses and burials are printed over the wall line, and we join its two ends straight across; the lines take the colour this site writes in, not the colours of the figure; their thickness is not the width of the wall, which at this scale would be far thinner; lines not yet walked are drawn dim, which is our staging; that “you” start at Huangchengtai, which ring comes first, which way round, how fast, the pauses before blanks, and the last step into the East Gate square are all ours; the metres in the readout are those given in the book, not measured on this plan; the East Gate is placed from the written description and the plan in the 2016 book, and the small square is the whole plan of the Gate chapter at this plan's scale, its orientation not matched; bastions and corner towers would be a pixel or two at this scale and are not drawn; the wind is synthesized, its strength taken from the wind at Shenmu right now.
Huangchengtai
inner city
outer city
East Gate
Huangchengtai
inner city
outer city
bastions
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Huangchengtai · a terrace faced with stone on all four sides · over 80,000 m² on top2dd4716c3d 5d14621b25
Huangchengtai · west of the centre of the inner city · roughly square, the corners of its walls rounded2dd4716c3d
A terrace faced on all four sides with stone revetments, over 80,000 m² on top; no wall stands above ground, and on the north-west as many as nine tiers of revetment can still be seen2dd4716c3d 5d14621b25 89d3fdeafc a63685a6c6
Shape after the plan of the site in the 2013 excavation report · its legend has one kind of wall here, not divided into surveyed and inferred · only the stretches on the figure are drawn, not completed into a ringdaacf5a370
inner city · centred on Huangchengtai · wall over 5,700 m longe37073f389 3c3e7b79ce
Inner city · centred on Huangchengtai, its stone wall following the hills · just over 2.1 million m² withine37073f389 1cd180b585
The wall is over 5,700 m long and about 2.5 m wide, and mostly stands a little over 1 m above the present ground3c3e7b79ce 83d00bd681
Shape after the same figure · solid and dashed stand for the two colours of its legend, and which stretch counts as which is our reading · where the figure is blank, so is thisdaacf5a370
outer city · leaning on the inner city's south-east wall · wall about 4,200 m long90847e2cc1 c22f96ea20
Outer city · one more irregular arc of stone wall, leaning on the south-eastern wall of the inner city · just over 1.9 million m² within90847e2cc1 441408bc03
The wall is about 4,200 m long and some 2.5 m wide, and at its best stands a little over 1 m above the present groundc22f96ea20 d15575c256
Shape after the same figure · solid and dashed stand for the two colours of its legend, and which stretch counts as which is our reading · where the figure is blank, so is thisdaacf5a370
bastions · platforms built out from the wall · thickest near the East Gate5f66f7cfe4 75ba30632a
Bastions (马面) · platforms built out from the outer face of the wall at intervals5f66f7cfe4
Thickest near the East Gate of the outer city, mostly about 40 m apart; bastion no. 1 is 12.2 m long, 9 m wide and 3.3 m high as it survives75ba30632a dd1a639c0d
Not drawn on this plan: at this scale a bastion would be a pixel or two
East Gate · in the north-east of the outer city · the highest point of the sitecd5050932c b934f89942
East Gate of the outer city · in its north-east, the passage running north-eastcd5050932c
At the highest point within the site, on open groundb934f89942
Placed from the written description and the plan in the 2016 book · the small square is the whole plan of the Gate chapter at this plan's scale, its orientation not matched2588b7f984
The site is made of three parts: Huangchengtai (皇城台), an inner city and an outer city.50e1281ebb
Huangchengtai lies west of the centre of the inner city: a terrace faced on all four sides with stone revetments, roughly square, the corners of its walls rounded.2dd4716c3d
The inner city centres on Huangchengtai; its stone wall follows the lie of the hills and closes off a space.e37073f389 8b1f3c1ae5
The outer city leans on the south-eastern wall of the inner city: one more irregular arc of stone wall which, together with that wall, marks off a separate outer area.90847e2cc1
The top of Huangchengtai covers over 80,000 square metres; the inner city encloses just over 2.1 million, the outer city just over 1.9 million.5d14621b25 1cd180b585 441408bc03
Taken together, the 2016 book puts the area within the walls above 4 million square metres, and the review at more than 4 million.1dde846c09 51f07f8949
Huangchengtai lies inside the inner city; its 80,000 square metres are not added on top.
The 2016 book gives the inner wall as over 5,700 m long, the outer as about 4,200 m, and the two together as about 10 km.3c3e7b79ce c22f96ea20 d56c82a86a
The walls are about 2.5 m wide; what shows above ground today stands about 1 m high.4fd33163e7 83d00bd681 d15575c256
That is the height that survives. How high the walls once stood is entered among the gaps.
Some stretches are better kept: one in the south-west of the inner city survives for about 193 m, about 2.65 m wide and up to about 3 m above ground; one in the north-east survives for 205.5 m.db08262dcc 72fa0487ef
Some are broken: at one place on the north wall of the inner city, the south-east and north-west sides of the wall have been washed away.4402bdb52a
There was more than one way of building: cutting into the hillside and facing it with stone, laying the wall in a foundation trench, and making use of natural barriers.bc764e1ceb
At cliffs and precipices a wall was mostly not built; the natural barrier served.62ecce46b1
On gentler slopes a foundation trench was dug first and the wall laid in it.51b2d23c1b
The walls are all of worked sandstone blocks, the smoothly dressed ones mostly on the two faces; the blocks are laid flat with staggered joints and bonded with mud mixed with straw.d8fb91f35b d79da2719a
An article on the East Gate notes footings beneath the wall and a wall that rises plumb, flat-faced and without batter; and no difference in material or technique between the inner and outer walls.d07b847b54 68f5010fa6
A bastion (马面) is a platform built out from the outer face of a city wall at intervals.5f66f7cfe4
The review says corner towers (角台) and bastions were built at the turns of the wall and close to the gates.468b882dfc
Two counts exist: the 2016 book gives at least ten or more, concentrated near the East Gate of the outer city; the 2020 review gives at least 21.5d6ffbc33c 9b8bad4c4f
The review says these bastions were planned and begun together with the wall itself, built against it and projecting outward, mostly about 40 m apart; the 2016 book gives the spacing as 30 to 40 m.75ba30632a 21d217ed3c
Bastion no. 1 of the outer city stands between two stretches of wall: 12.2 m long, 9 m wide, 3.3 m high as it survives.cdcc5d3330 dd1a639c0d
There is one on the north-eastern wall of the inner city too, projecting about 1 m and about 10 m long.88e01f13cd
Corner tower no. 1 stands to the south-east of the East Gate: a trapezoid in plan, narrower at the south, with a core of rammed earth; its north side about 16.2 m, the others about 13.4 m, about 4 m high as it survives.af7a055d26 1812b17b72 3940280333
The review records the view of two scholars: that these bastions built against the wall are the earliest yet found in China.eee59fbf09
Holes were found in the two piers of the East Gate, in the bastions, in the walls of the gate, in the city wall to the north, and in the north and east walls of Huangchengtai; in some of them rotted wood can still be seen.b075573322
On the face of Huangchengtai the holes are set in regular order, with remains of rotted wood inside.daad83c898
The book records the length of two of the timbers: 2.5 m and 2.25 m.bbeecf1866 cf3e7b256b
The excavators' first view is that they were a measure to strengthen the wall.c1e881bae9
The review reports one scholar's view: that they may have worked as the tie-timbers (紝木) of the building manual Yingzao fashi (《营造法式》) do, chiefly to steady the wall.b5ac4604cd
Another scholar rejects the name, holding that they differ from what the written records describe and should be called anchor rods (锚杆).4d174e3d7f 197ae445cb
An article recalling how the site was found describes a wall of piled stone slabs in the south of the site, running from east to west as far as the hill east of Gaojiabu (高家堡) and lying over some Longshan remains.47a38a822d
Its author adds that at the time it was taken for part of the Qin Great Wall.3cf8691b56
The review records the same: some surveys in the twentieth century misjudged the date of the broken runs of stone wall within the site, and identified the stone walls around it as the Great Wall of the Warring States Qin.8d89e6d193
This change is logged in Revisions.
The 2016 book has the city first built some 4,300 years before the present and abandoned at around 1800 BCE.7fb0c36f7e bec3ccf9bd
An article on the dating infers that the outer wall may have been built at about 2100 BCE, and the inner wall possibly earlier still.80ddc5d1cb fc6b83b9ce
The article on the East Gate gives a different date: going by the objects found there, the gate was first built in 2300 BCE.bcbbeb1552
The East Gate stands in the outer wall. The two articles are two centuries apart; both are recorded here.
The review says the course of the surviving walls was surveyed, with orthophotos taken and a digital terrain model built.8c1da16709
The report says the areas were measured and estimated with the ArcGIS system.9d4131a63e
We have found no sentence explaining why any given stretch on the figure is marked as inferred.
This is a statement of absence: the report and the review speak of surveying and of estimating areas, but give no stretch-by-stretch account of which parts were measured and which inferred.
The sources this chapter draws on.
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349 pp. · used in 29 sentences here
our gloss: The Shimao Site in Shenmu County, Shaanxi
11 pp. · used in 22 sentences here
二〇二〇年第一期（总第211期）
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24 pp. · used in 14 sentences here
考古与文物 2016年第4期
our gloss: The East Gate of Shimao’s Outer City and Early City-Building Techniques
14 pp. · used in 4 sentences here
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6 pp. · used in 3 sentences here
考古与文物 2016年第4期
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7 pp. · used in 1 sentence here
What this chapter does not know.
The inner and outer walls run to about 10 km in all, about 2.5 m wide.d56c82a86a 4fd33163e7
recorded 2026-11-15
An article on the dating infers that the outer wall may date to about 2100 BCE and the inner wall possibly earlier.80ddc5d1cb fc6b83b9ce
recorded 2026-11-15
The report says that at cliffs a wall was mostly not built and the natural barrier was used; its figure, too, has stretches with no wall drawn.62ecce46b1 daacf5a370
recorded 2026-11-15
What shows today stands about 1 m high; the best-kept stretch reaches about 3 m above ground.4fd33163e7 db08262dcc
recorded 2026-11-15
It is a terrace faced on all four sides with stone revetments, over 80,000 m² on top.2dd4716c3d 5d14621b25
recorded 2026-11-15